Trade and International Trade

Trade gives mankind main venue, the market. In primitive societies only religious events - the cult rituals or ceremonies such as marriage - to bring people together in a comparable manner. But in these cases the participants are already associated with custom or kinship.

The process of barter brings a crowd together in a more random manner. New ideas, along with precious artifacts, always traveled along trade routes. And weeks have shared the natural rhythm of a society that has often been in the space between market days.

Agricultural and everyday household items tend to make short trips to and from a local market. Trade with a Grander sense between remote locations, is another matter. It includes entrepreneurs and intermediaries, people are willing to accept delays and risk in the hope of a large surplus. The archive can be found at Ebla gives a glimpse of an early trading town from the middle of the third millennium BC.

When the journey is slow and dangerous, the commodities trader to be as close as possible indestructible, and they must be valuable in proportion to their size. Spices fits the bill. So do rich fabrics. And above all, expensive jewelry of silver and gold, or useful elements in copper, bronze or iron.

As the most precious of commodities (in addition to being compact and easily portable), metals are an important incentive to act. The extensive deposits of copper on the island of Cyprus bring much wealth from around 3000 BC (Cyprus, in latin, copper its name - cyprium injured in Cuprum). 

Later, when the much rarer commodity of tin to make bronze, even removing Cornwall becomes - as the first millennium BC - A key supplier of needs in Bronze Age Europe. 

World trade: from the 1st century AD 

Silk Road links East Asia and Western Europe at a time when the individual has, in its own region, a more sophisticated commercial network than ever before.

Caravan routes in the Middle East and fairways of the Mediterranean Sea has the world's oldest venue, ferry goods back and forth between civilizations from India to Phenicia. Now the Roman empire throughout the Mediterranean and in Europe as far north as Great Britain gives traders the enormous new opportunities to the west. Meanwhile, a maritime context, the enormous commercial potential, opens up between India and China. 

The map of the world offers no route so promising that a merchant vessel, as the coastal voyage from India to China. Down through the Straits of Malacca and then up through the South China Sea, there is always inhabited the coast not far from both roads. It is no coincidence that Calcutta is now at one end of the trip, Hong Kong in the second, and Singapore in the middle. 

Indian merchants trading along this route as the 1st century AD, bringing the two religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, which profoundly affected the whole region.

Ups and downs in economy: 12 to 14 century AD 

Everywhere in Europe in the period from about 1150 to 1300 sees a steady increase in wealth associated with an increase in population. There are several reasons. More land is brought into cultivation - a process where the Cistercians plays an important role. Rich monasteries, controlled by the powerful Abbot, has been an essential feature of feudal Europe.

Parallel to the improvement of rural wealth is the development of cities, thriving on trade in luxury goods and staple products such as wool.

Prominent among trading centers in the 13th century, the coastal Italian cities where the traders ply the Mediterranean; Venice is especially prosperous for the opportunities offered by the Fourth Crusade. Similarly, cities in The Netherlands are well placed to benefit from trade between the three big neighbors - England, France and the German states. Hanseatic League and handle trade from the Baltic Sea.

Along with this increase in trade, the future development of the banking sector. Christian families, especially in cities in northern Italy, begin to gather wealth by offering financial services that have previously been reserved for Jews. 

In the 14th century this economic prosperity falters. Land goes out of cultivation, the volume of trade drops. There are various possible causes. There is an unusual run of disastrously bad harvests in many areas during the early part of this century. And social structures is painful adjustment, as the old feudal system of obligations crumbles. 

The last straw is the black death, which not only kills one third of Europe's population in 1348-9, but also ushers in an era where the plague is a recurring danger. The 14th century is not the best to live. But in the 15th century - the Renaissance in Europe, and age of exploration - the economic situation improved again. 

History of International Trade: 

The story of international trade is a long and checkered one. The term has different meanings throughout history. For example, meant at the time when nation states had no concept of international commercial trade over long distances. 

It was pretty similar to today's international trade, which is a kind of movement of goods. Per historical records, there was an Assyrian merchant colony that was located on Kültepe in Cappadocia in the 19th century BC. The Arabs were able to trade in silk and spices from the Far East region of camels, they were domesticated for this purpose. The Egyptians traded in the Red Sea. The imported spices from the Arab region, as well as the area known as the "Land of Punt". 

In the Middle Ages Abbasids used Siraf, Alexandria, Aden and the Damietta to come into India and China for trade. Chang'an, which was the capital of Tang Dynasty, was regarded as the eastern depot of the Silk Road. It was one of the largest metropolitan centers at this time. It was a center for commerce, residence and travel. This role was taken over by Hangzhou and Kaifeng where Song dynasty was in power. Guangzhou was one of the leading international ports in China when the Tang dynasty was in power from 618 AD to 907 AD. However, Quanzhou was a more important port city, where Song dynasty was in power from 960 AD to 1279 AD.

In the early modern ages, changing spice route to the Red Sea from the Persian Gulf in the second phase of the fifteenth century. This was a result of the Levant, to be held by the Turks at this time. Pero de Covilha there was a Portuguese diplomat went on a mission to search the various trade routes in the Middle East and in Africa and Asia. He started his journey from Santarem. He went to Barcelona, Naples, Alexandria, Cairo, and eventually went to India.

Vasco da Gama is considered to be one of the greatest figures in the history of international trade in the early modern era, so he had invented a new sea route for trade from Europe to Japan. In the later stages Modern Portuguese began to trade with Japan from Macao. Later the Netherlands made Macau their base of operations for trade with Japan.

The initial download contains nutmegs came to Europe from Sumatra in the course of the 1815th After World War II Bretton Woods system came into play in 1946. It was meant to stop the establishment of national borders in trade. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed in 1947 by 23 countries in order to rationalize the system of trade across countries.